英语四级作文19900字：孙子兵法（英语）2

英语四级作文19900字：孙子兵法（英语）2第2页

disciplined multitude, most dangerous.
举军而争利则不及，委军而争利则辎重捐。
if you set a fully equipped army in march in order to snatch an advantage, the chances are that you will be too late. on the other hand, to detach a flying column for the purpose involves the sacrifice of its baggage and stores.
是故卷甲而趋，日夜不处，倍道兼行，百里而争利，则擒三将军，
thus, if you order your men to roll up their buff-coats, and make forced marches without halting day or night, covering double the usual distance at a stretch, doing a hundred li in order to wrest an advantage, the leaders of all your three divisions will fall into the hands of the enemy.
劲者先，疲者后，其法十一而至；
the stronger men will be in front, the jaded ones will fall behind, and on this plan only one-tenth of your army will reach its destination.
五十里而争利，则蹶上将军，其法半至；
if you march fifty li in order to outmaneuver the enemy, you will lose the leader of your first division, and only half your force will reach the goal.
三十里而争利，则三分之二至。
if you march thirty li with the same object, two-thirds of your army will arrive.
是故军无辎重则亡，无粮食则亡，无委积则亡。
we may take it then that an army without its baggage-train is lost; without provisions it is lost; without bases of supply it is lost.
故不知诸侯之谋者，不能豫交；
we cannot enter into alliances until we are acquainted with the designs of our neighbors.
不知山林、险阻、沮泽之形者，不能行军；
we are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with the face of the country--its mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps.
不用乡导者，不能得地利。
we shall be unable to turn natural advantage to account unless we make use of local guides.
故兵以诈立，以利动，
in war, practice dissimulation, and you will succeed.
以分和为变者也。
whether to concentrate or to divide your troops, must be decided by circumstances.
故其疾如风，其徐如林，
let your rapidity be that of the wind, your compactness that of the forest.
侵掠如火，不动如山，
in raiding and plundering be like fire, is immovability like a mountain.
难知如阴，动如雷震。
let your plans be dark and impenetrable as night, and when you move, fall like a thunderbolt.
掠乡分众，廓地分利，
when you plunder a countryside, let the spoil be divided amongst your men; when you capture new territory, cut it up into allotments for the benefit of the soldiery.
悬权而动。
ponder and deliberate before you make a move.
先知迂直之计者胜，此军争之法也。
he will conquer who has learnt the artifice of deviation. such is the art of maneuvering.
《军政》曰：“言不相闻，故为之金鼓；视不相见，故为之旌旗。”
the book of army management says: on the field of battle, the spoken word does not carry far enough: hence the institution of gongs and drums. nor can ordinary objects be seen clearly enough: hence the institution of banners and flags.
夫金鼓旌旗者，所以一民之耳目也。
gongs and drums, banners and flags, are means whereby the ears and eyes of the host may be focused on one particular point.
民既专一，则勇者不得独进，怯者不得独退，此用众之法也。
the host thus forming a single united body, is it impossible either for the brave to advance alone, or for the cowardly to retreat alone. this is the art of handling large masses of men.
故夜战多金鼓，昼战多旌旗，所以变人之耳目也。
in night-fighting, then, make much use of signal-fires and drums, and in fighting by day, of flags and banners, as a means of influencing the ears and eyes of your army.
三军可夺气，将军可夺心。
a whole army may be robbed of its spirit; a commander-in-chief may be robbed of his presence of mind.
是故朝气锐，昼气惰，暮气归。
now a soldier＇s spirit is keenest in the morning; by noonday it has begun to flag; and in the evening, his mind is bent only on returning to camp.
善用兵者，避其锐气，击其惰归，此治气者也。
a clever general, therefore, avoids an army when its spirit is keen, but attacks it when it is sluggish and inclined to return. this is the art of studying moods.
以治待乱，以静待哗，此治心者也。
disciplined and calm, to await the appearance of disorder and hubbub amongst the enemy:--this is the art of retaining self-possession.
以近待远，以佚待劳，以饱待饥，此治力者也。
to be near the goal while the enemy is still far from it, to wait at ease while the enemy is toiling and struggling, to be well-fed while the enemy is famished:--this is the art of husbanding one＇s strength.
无邀正正之旗，无击堂堂之陈，此治变者也。
to refrain from intercepting an enemy whose banners are in perfect order, to refrain from attacking an army drawn up in calm and confident array:--this is the art of studying circumstances.
故用兵之法，高陵勿向，背丘勿逆，
it is a military aiom not to advance uphill against the enemy, nor to oppose him when he comes downhill.
佯北勿从，锐卒勿攻，
do not pursue an enemy who simulates flight; do not attack soldiers whose temper is keen.
饵兵勿食，归师勿遏，
do not swallow bait offered by the enemy. do not interfere with an army that is returning home.
围师遗阙，穷寇勿迫，
when you surround an army, leave an outlet free. do not press a desperate foe too hard.
此用兵之法也。
such is the art of warfare.

九变第八
viii. variation in tactics
孙子曰：凡用兵之法，将受命于君，合军聚合。
sun tzu said: in war, the general receives his commands from the sovereign, collects his army and concentrates his forces
泛地无舍，衢地合交，绝地无留，围地则谋，死地则战，
when in difficult country, do not encamp. in country where high roads intersect, join hands with your allies. do not linger in dangerously isolated positions. in hemmed-in situations, you must resort to stratagem. in desperate position, you must fight.
途有所不由，军有所不击，城有所不攻，地有所不争，君命有所不受。
there are roads which must not be followed, armies which must be not attacked, towns which must be besieged, positions which must not be contested, commands of the sovereign which must not be obeyed.
故将通于九变之利者，知用兵矣；
the general who thoroughly understands the advantages that accompany variation of tactics knows how to handle his troops.
将不通九变之利，虽知地形，不能得地之利矣；
the general who does not understand these, may be well acquainted with the configuration of the country, yet he will not be able to turn his knowledge to practical account.
治兵不知九变之术，虽知五利，不能得人之用矣。
so, the student of war who is unversed in the art of war of varying his plans, even though he be acquainted with the five advantages, will fail to make the best use of his men.
是故智者之虑，必杂于利害，
hence in the wise leader＇s plans, considerations of advantage and of disadvantage will be blended together.
杂于利而务可信也，
if our epectation of advantage be tempered in this way, we may succeed in accomplishing the essential part of our schemes.
杂于害而患可解也。
if, on the other hand, in the midst of difficulties we are always ready to seize an advantage, we may etricate ourselves from misfortune.
是故屈诸侯者以害，役诸侯者以业，趋诸侯者以利。
reduce the hostile chiefs by inflicting damage on them; and make trouble for them, and keep them constantly engaged; hold out specious allurements, and make them rush to any given point.
故用兵之法，无恃其不来，恃吾有以待之；无恃其不攻，恃吾有所不可攻也。
the art of war teaches us to rely not on the likelihood of the enemy＇s not coming, but on our own readiness to receive him; not on the chance of his not attacking, but rather on the fact that we have made our position unassailable.
故将有五危，必死可杀，必生可虏，忿速可侮，廉洁可辱，爱民可烦。
there are five dangerous faults which may affect a general: (1) recklessness, which leads to destruction; (2) cowardice, which leads to capture; (3) a hasty temper, which can be provoked by insults; (4) a delicacy of honor which is sensitive to shame; (5) over-solicitude for his men, which eposes him to worry and trouble.
凡此五者，将之过也，用兵之灾也。
these are the five besetting sins of a general, ruin